2.4 Reported Speech
Lær å gjengi hva andre har sagt ved hjelp av indirekte tale (reported speech) med korrekte tidsforskyvninger.
Reported speech -- å gjengi kva andre har sagt
Når du fortel nokon kva ein annan person har sagt, kan du gjere det på to måtar:
Direct speech (direkte tale) -- du gjengir orda nøyaktig:
- She said, "I am tired."
Reported speech (indirekte tale) -- du gjengir innhaldet med dine eigne ord:
- She said that she was tired.
Reported speech blir brukt heile tida -- i kvardagen, i nyheitsartiklar, i forteljingar og i akademisk skriving. Utfordringa er at du må endre verbtida og andre element når du går frå direkte til indirekte tale.
Når du rapporterer noko som blei sagt i fortida, forskyv du vanlegvis verbtida eitt steg bakover:
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| Present simple: "I am happy." | Past simple: She said she was happy. |
| Present continuous: "I am working." | Past continuous: He said he was working. |
| Past simple: "I saw him." | Past perfect: She said she had seen him. |
| Present perfect: "I have finished." | Past perfect: He said he had finished. |
| Will: "I will help." | Would: She said she would help. |
| Can: "I can swim." | Could: He said he could swim. |
| May: "I may come." | Might: She said she might come. |
| Must: "I must go." | Had to: He said he had to go. |
I tillegg til verbtida blir også pronomen, tidsuttrykk og stadsuttrykk endra:
Pronomen:
- I → he/she
- my → his/her
- we → they
- our → their
Tidsuttrykk:
- today → that day
- tomorrow → the next day / the following day
- yesterday → the day before / the previous day
- now → then
- this week → that week
- ago → before / earlier
Stadsuttrykk:
- here → there
- this → that
- these → those
Gjer desse setningane om til reported speech:
1. Tom said, "I am going to the cinema today."
2. Lisa said, "I finished my homework yesterday."
3. The teacher said, "You must hand in your essays tomorrow."
- I → he
- am going → was going (present continuous → past continuous)
- today → that day
2. Lisa said that she had finished her homework the day before.
- I → she
- finished → had finished (past simple → past perfect)
- yesterday → the day before
3. The teacher said that we had to hand in our essays the next day.
- You → we (kjem an på kontekst)
- must → had to
- tomorrow → the next day
Gjer om til reported speech.
"I am tired," she said.
"We will meet tomorrow," he promised.
"I have never been to Japan," she admitted.
"I can't come to the party," he explained.
Reported Questions (Indirekte spørsmål)
Når du rapporterer spørsmål, blir ordstillinga endra frå spørsmålsform til vanleg setningsform:
Ja/nei-spørsmål: Bruk if eller whether:
- Direct: "Do you like pizza?" he asked.
- Reported: He asked if/whether I liked pizza.
Spørjeord-spørsmål: Behald spørjeordet, men endre ordstillinga:
- Direct: "Where do you live?" she asked.
- Reported: She asked where I lived.
- Direct: "What are you doing?" he asked.
- Reported: He asked what I was doing.
Viktig: I reported questions bruker vi IKKJE spørsmålsform (hjelpeverb + subjekt). Vi bruker vanleg ordstilling (subjekt + verb):
- FEIL: She asked where did I live.
- RETT: She asked where I lived.
Gjer desse spørsmåla om til reported questions.
"Where are you going?" she asked me.
"Have you finished your homework?" the teacher asked.
"What time does the train leave?" he asked.
Reported Commands and Requests (Indirekte oppmodingar)
Når du rapporterer oppmodingar, bruk told/asked + (not) to + infinitiv:
Påbod (commands):
- Direct: "Sit down!" the teacher said.
- Reported: The teacher told us to sit down.
- Direct: "Don't run in the corridor!"
- Reported: She told them not to run in the corridor.
Førespurnader (requests):
- Direct: "Can you help me?" she asked.
- Reported: She asked me to help her.
- Direct: "Please don't be late."
- Reported: He asked us not to be late.
Rapporteringsverb:
- said, told, asked, explained, admitted, promised, warned, suggested, complained, announced
Gjer om til reported speech (blanda oppgåver).
"Close the door, please," the teacher said.
"I will call you tomorrow," she promised.
"Don't touch the painting!" the guard warned.
"Why didn't you come to the party?" he asked me.
Skriveoppgåve: Bruk reported speech i kontekst.
Intervju ein medelev om helga deira (på engelsk). Still 5 spørsmål. Deretter skriv ein kort rapport (80--100 ord) der du bruker reported speech for å gjengi svara. Eksempel: 'I asked Maria what she did last weekend. She told me that she had visited her grandparents. She said that they had gone for a walk in the mountains.'
Oppsummering
Reported speech blir brukt for å gjengi kva andre har sagt utan å sitere direkte.
Tidsforskyving:
- present → past
- past → past perfect
- will → would
- can → could
Andre endringar:
- I/my → he/she, his/her
- today → that day
- tomorrow → the next day
- here → there
Reported questions:
- Bruk if/whether for ja/nei-spørsmål
- Vanleg ordstilling (ikkje spørsmålsform)
Reported commands:
- told/asked + to + infinitiv
- told/asked + not to + infinitiv
Vanlege feil:
- Hugs tidsforskyving: "She said she IS tired" er feil → "She said she WAS tired"
- Vanleg ordstilling i spørsmål: "She asked where WAS he" er feil → "She asked where he WAS"
Dette kapitlet er skrevet av Anthropics toppmodeller (Claude Opus og Claude Fable) og er foreløpig ikke manuelt gjennomgått — kvalitetskontrollen gjøres av uavhengige KI-agenter, og innmeldte feil rettes fortløpende. Funnet en feil? Meld fra, så retter vi den. Les mer om hvordan innholdet lages.