2.4 Reported Speech
Lær å gjengi hva andre har sagt ved hjelp av indirekte tale (reported speech) med korrekte tidsforskyvninger.
Reported speech -- å gjengi hva andre har sagt
Når du forteller noen hva en annen person har sagt, kan du gjøre det på to måter:
Direct speech (direkte tale) -- du gjengir ordene nøyaktig:
- She said, "I am tired."
Reported speech (indirekte tale) -- du gjengir innholdet med dine egne ord:
- She said that she was tired.
Reported speech brukes hele tiden -- i hverdagen, i nyhetsartikler, i fortellinger og i akademisk skriving. Utfordringen er at du må endre verbtiden og andre elementer når du går fra direkte til indirekte tale.
Når du rapporterer noe som ble sagt i fortiden, forskyver du vanligvis verbtiden ett steg bakover:
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| Present simple: "I am happy." | Past simple: She said she was happy. |
| Present continuous: "I am working." | Past continuous: He said he was working. |
| Past simple: "I saw him." | Past perfect: She said she had seen him. |
| Present perfect: "I have finished." | Past perfect: He said he had finished. |
| Will: "I will help." | Would: She said she would help. |
| Can: "I can swim." | Could: He said he could swim. |
| May: "I may come." | Might: She said she might come. |
| Must: "I must go." | Had to: He said he had to go. |
I tillegg til verbtiden endres også pronomen, tidsuttrykk og stedsuttrykk:
Pronomen:
- I → he/she
- my → his/her
- we → they
- our → their
Tidsuttrykk:
- today → that day
- tomorrow → the next day / the following day
- yesterday → the day before / the previous day
- now → then
- this week → that week
- ago → before / earlier
Stedsuttrykk:
- here → there
- this → that
- these → those
Gjør om disse setningene til reported speech:
1. Tom said, "I am going to the cinema today."
2. Lisa said, "I finished my homework yesterday."
3. The teacher said, "You must hand in your essays tomorrow."
- I → he
- am going → was going (present continuous → past continuous)
- today → that day
2. Lisa said that she had finished her homework the day before.
- I → she
- finished → had finished (past simple → past perfect)
- yesterday → the day before
3. The teacher said that we had to hand in our essays the next day.
- You → we (avhenger av kontekst)
- must → had to
- tomorrow → the next day
Gjør om til reported speech.
"I am tired," she said.
"We will meet tomorrow," he promised.
"I have never been to Japan," she admitted.
"I can't come to the party," he explained.
Reported Questions (Indirekte spørsmål)
Når du rapporterer spørsmål, endres ordstillingen fra spørsmålsform til vanlig setningsform:
Ja/nei-spørsmål: Bruk if eller whether:
- Direct: "Do you like pizza?" he asked.
- Reported: He asked if/whether I liked pizza.
Spørreord-spørsmål: Behold spørreordet, men endre ordstillingen:
- Direct: "Where do you live?" she asked.
- Reported: She asked where I lived.
- Direct: "What are you doing?" he asked.
- Reported: He asked what I was doing.
Viktig: I reported questions bruker vi IKKE spørsmålsform (hjelpeverb + subjekt). Vi bruker vanlig ordstilling (subjekt + verb):
- FEIL: She asked where did I live.
- RIKTIG: She asked where I lived.
Gjør om disse spørsmålene til reported questions.
"Where are you going?" she asked me.
"Have you finished your homework?" the teacher asked.
"What time does the train leave?" he asked.
Reported Commands and Requests (Indirekte oppfordringer)
Når du rapporterer oppfordringer, bruk told/asked + (not) to + infinitiv:
Beordringer (commands):
- Direct: "Sit down!" the teacher said.
- Reported: The teacher told us to sit down.
- Direct: "Don't run in the corridor!"
- Reported: She told them not to run in the corridor.
Forespørsler (requests):
- Direct: "Can you help me?" she asked.
- Reported: She asked me to help her.
- Direct: "Please don't be late."
- Reported: He asked us not to be late.
Rapporteringsverb:
- said, told, asked, explained, admitted, promised, warned, suggested, complained, announced
Gjør om til reported speech (blandede oppgaver).
"Close the door, please," the teacher said.
"I will call you tomorrow," she promised.
"Don't touch the painting!" the guard warned.
"Why didn't you come to the party?" he asked me.
Skriveoppgave: Bruk reported speech i kontekst.
Intervju en medelev om deres helg (på engelsk). Still 5 spørsmål. Deretter skriv en kort rapport (80--100 ord) der du bruker reported speech for å gjengi svarene. Eksempel: 'I asked Maria what she did last weekend. She told me that she had visited her grandparents. She said that they had gone for a walk in the mountains.'
Oppsummering
Reported speech brukes for å gjengi hva andre har sagt uten å sitere direkte.
Tidsforskyvning:
- present → past
- past → past perfect
- will → would
- can → could
Andre endringer:
- I/my → he/she, his/her
- today → that day
- tomorrow → the next day
- here → there
Reported questions:
- Bruk if/whether for ja/nei-spørsmål
- Vanlig ordstilling (ikke spørsmålsform)
Reported commands:
- told/asked + to + infinitiv
- told/asked + not to + infinitiv
Vanlige feil:
- Husk tidsforskyvning: "She said she IS tired" er feil → "She said she WAS tired"
- Vanlig ordstilling i spørsmål: "She asked where WAS he" er feil → "She asked where he WAS"
Dette kapitlet er skrevet av Anthropics toppmodeller (Claude Opus og Claude Fable) og er foreløpig ikke manuelt gjennomgått — kvalitetskontrollen gjøres av uavhengige KI-agenter, og innmeldte feil rettes fortløpende. Funnet en feil? Meld fra, så retter vi den. Les mer om hvordan innholdet lages.